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Updates to the firmware on an NVMe storage device are issued to the miniport driver for that device. Function commands for getting firmware information, downloading, and activating firmware images are issued to the miniport.

Firmware upgrade process

NVMe devices certified for Windows are capable of updating their firmware while the device is in operation. Firmware is updated using the IOCTL_SCSI_MINIPORT request containing with the associated firmware control data formatted in an SRB. The update process involves:

1. Gather the firmware slot information to determine where to place the update. There are a few considerations in deciding where the firmware update will reside.

   • How many slots are available?
   • How many slots can hold an update? Some slots are read-only or hold images that must be retained if the ability to revert to a prior image is desired.
   • Which slot contains the current active firmware image (the running firmware)?

   In order to update the device, a slot is chosen that is writeable and not currently active. All existing image data in the selected slot is overwritten when the update is completed.

2. Download the new firmware image for a selected slot. Depending on the size of the image, this occurs in a single transfer operation or in successive transfers of multiple portions of the image. A portion of an image is limited by min(Controller Maximum Transfer Size, 512 KB).

3. In order to make the downloaded image the active firmware image, it is assigned to slot. The active firmware slot is then switched from the currently used slot to the slot assigned to the downloaded image. Depending on the type of download and the changes in the firmware image, a reboot of the system may be required. This is determined by the NVMe controller.

Miniport firmware control requests

Each function command is set in a FIRMWARE_REQUEST_BLOCK structure which is included with an SRB_IO_CONTROL in the buffer of an IOCTL_SCSI_MINIPORT request. The ControlCode member of SRB_IO_CONTROL is set to IOCTL_SCSI_MINIPORT_FIRMWARE to indicate a miniport firmware operation. Each function command has a related information structure located after the FIRMWARE_REQUEST_BLOCK. The following table lists each function command and the structures included in the system buffer for IOCTL_SCSI_MINIPORT.

The firmware functions and associated structures are defined in ntddscsi.h.

Firmware slot information

Firmware images are maintained on the device in locations called slots. It is necessary to find an available slot for the firmware image to reside when it is activated after a download. To find an available slot, an upgrade utility can send an information query to the device to receive the slot information descriptors. The following example function shows how to retrieve the information for all the firmware slots on a selected NVMe device.

Slot information is returned in an array of STORAGE_FIRMWARE_SLOT_INFO structures. Each structure indicates the activation status and availability of the firmware slot. Conditions for availability are:

• The ReadOnly member is set to 0.
• The slot is not the active slot indicated by slot number in the ActiveSlot member of STORAGE_FIRMWARE_INFO.
• The PendingActiveSlot member of STORAGE_FIRMWARE_INFO is set to STORAGE_FIRMWARE_INFO_INVALID_SLOT.
• The PendingActiveSlot member of STORAGE_FIRMWARE_INFO is not set to the desired slot.

Also, if the slot status meets the conditions for availability but the Info string contains valid revision data, that is nonzero bytes, then the slot contains a valid firmware image but it may be replaced. All zeros in the Info string indicate an empty slot.

Example: Firmware upgrade - slot selection, download, and activation

An upgrade utility will perform the three steps mentioned earlier to update the firmware in the controller. As an example, the following upgrade routine contains code for each step in the process. The slot discovery step, shown in the DeviceGetFirmwareInfo example, is called by the upgrade routine to select an available slot. The image download and activation steps are demonstrated directly following slot selection. Within each step, the use of the corresponding function command is shown.

During the download step, a firmware image file is read into an allocated buffer and the buffer contents are transferred to the controller. If the firmware image file is larger than the size of the buffer, the image file is read multiple times and that portion of the firmware image is transferred until the entire file is read.

Following the completion of the firmware image download, the activation step requires two actions from the controller. First, the selected slot is assigned to the firmware image, and second, the selected slot is set as the active slot.

Note Downloading multiple firmware images simultaneously is not supported. A single firmware download is always followed by a single firmware activation.

A firmware image already resident in a slot can be reactivated by using just the activate function command with the corresponding slot number.

The IOCTL_SCSI_MINIPORT_FIRMWARE control code for SRB I/O control is available starting with Windows 8.1.

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